Chemistry

Here the concentration of HCL is so small that's why the h+ ion from HCL is also small comparable to h+ ion from the dissociation of water therefore ionization of water should be taken into consideration. let the consider x-molar of h+ are formed from water.

Here engine provide 559 jouls of work so system provides work so work is negative work=-559 J Again heat generated 2148 jouls so exothermic and heat also negative heat =-2148 J according to 1 st law of thermodynamics change in internal energy=work+heat       =-559-2148 J    =-2707 J Change in internal energy is-2707 J

when the two Easter functional group present in same molecule having one Alpha hydrogen when treated with any base for example sodium ethoxide it will give cycclization  reaction to from cyclic beta kero ester.  This reaction is known as dickmann condensation or intramolecular claisen ester condensation. To reduce carbon number in a cyclic compound we use this reaction. Mechanism: NaOEt is a strong base which captured one hydrogen from CH2 group and we get a nucleophilic centre  which further attack carbonyl group of other ester and we get beta keto ester.

when ethyl acetate is treated with sodium ethoxide or any base it forms sodium salt of ethyl acetoacetate which after work up in HCL give aceto acetic acid and beta keto ester.This reaction is known as claisen ester condensation. Step 1:  NaOEt is a strong base which captured one hydrogen from methyl group of ethyl acetate as a result we get CH2-COOEt . Step 2: Further CH2-COOEt act as a nucleophile and attack 2nd mole of ethyl acetate and we get ethyl aceto acetate.

Methane to acetic acid conversion step 1: Methane to methyl chloride methane is treated with cl2/hy and we get methyl chloride step 2: methyl chloride to methyl cyanide methyl chloride is treated with KCN and we get methyl cyanide Step 3: Methyl cyanide to acetic acid Hydrolysis of methyl cyanide will give acetic acid.

Ethane to acetic acid conversion  Step 1: Ethane to Ethyl chloride Ethane is treated with cl2/hy and we get ethyl chloride Step 2: Ethyl chloride to ethanol Ethyl chloride is treated with aq. KOH and we get ethanol Step 3: Ethanol to acetic acid Ethanol is oxidised by strong oxidising reagent K2Cr2O7/Conc. H2SO4 and we get acetic acid 

the solutions in which the addition of small amount of acid or base not change the pH such kind of solution are called buffer solution . hence buffers are the solution with reversed acidity and alkaline alkylinity . buffer solution usually consist of  1 .weak acid and its salt : acetic acid + sodium acetate  2. alkaline mixture of weak base and its salt : ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride 3. weak acid and weak base: ammonium acetate buffer capacity  buffer action is defined as the resistance to change in the h+ ion concentration on the addition of acid or alkali . the magnitude of the buffer action of a buffer is determined by its buffer capacity it may be defined in terms of addition of both acid and alkali.  usually it is measured by the amount of strong base required to produce unit change of the PH in the solution.

indicators are weak organic acids or bases that are used to detect the equivalence point for the titration of an acid by a base . indicator is a substance that changes the colour at the equivalent point . the colour change takes place when a certain PH value is reached in the case of acid base indicators.  depending on the type of titration indicators may be classified into three classes  1. acid base or neutralization indicators  are used for acid base titration for example methyl orange indicators  2.redox indicators this are used for redox titration for example diphenylamine  3. adsorption indicators  this are used for precipitation titration for example rodhomin

the compound which is capable to form enol mostly ketone and aldehyde when react with a mixture of formaldehyde or formalin who is 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde and secondary Amine in the presence of acid or Lewis acid gives amino methyl derivative is called Mannich reaction. Example: 1.amino methyl derivative or mannich base with ag2O gives alkene. 2.  amino methyl derivative or mannich base with NaoEt gives alkene. 3. amino methyl derivative or mannich base with NaCN gives cyanide then with stefan reagent gives aldehyde.